Electromagnetic Induction

We have seen previously that when a DC current pass through a long straight conductor a magnetising force, H and a static magnetic field, B is developed around the wire.

If the wire is then wound into a coil, the magnetic field is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic field around itself forming the shape of a bar magnet giving a distinct North and South pole.

The magnetic flux developed around the coil being proportional to the amount of current flowing in the coils windings as shown. If additional layers of wire are wound upon the same coil with the same current flowing through them, the static magnetic field strength would be increased.

Air-core Hollow Coil

Therefore, the magnetic field strength of a coil is determined by the ampere turns of the coil. With more turns of wire within the coil, the greater the strength of the static magnetic field around it.

But what if we reversed this idea by disconnecting the electrical current from the coil and instead of a hollow core we placed a bar magnet inside the core of the coil of wire. By moving this bar magnet “in” and “out” of the coil a current would be induced into the coil by the physical movement of the magnetic flux inside it.

Likewise, if we kept the bar magnet stationary and moved the coil back and forth within the magnetic field an electric current would be induced in the coil. Then by either moving the wire or changing the magnetic field we can induce a voltage and current within the coil and this process is known as Electromagnetic Induction and is the basic principal of operation of transformers, motors and generators.

Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the 1830’s by Michael Faraday. Faraday noticed that when he moved a permanent magnet in and out of a coil or a single loop of wire it induced an ElectroMotive Force or emf, in other words a Voltage, and therefore a current was produced.

So what Michael Faraday discovered was a way of producing an electrical current in a circuit by using only the force of a magnetic field and not batteries. This then lead to a very important law linking electricity with magnetism, Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. So how does this work?.

When the magnet shown below is moved “towards” the coil, the pointer or needle of the Galvanometer, which is basically a very sensitive centre zero’ed moving-coil ammeter, will deflect away from its centre position in one direction only. When the magnet stops moving and is held stationary with regards to the coil the needle of the galvanometer returns back to zero as there is no physical movement of the magnetic field.

Likewise, when the magnet is moved “away” from the coil in the other direction, the needle of the galvanometer deflects in the opposite direction with regards to the first indicating a change in polarity. Then by moving the magnet back and forth towards the coil the needle of the galvanometer will deflect left or right, positive or negative, relative to the directional motion of the magnet.

Electromagnetic Induction by a Moving Magnet

Likewise, if the magnet is now held stationary and ONLY the coil is moved towards or away from the magnet the needle of the galvanometer will also deflect in either direction. Then the action of moving a coil or loop of wire through a magnetic field induces a voltage in the coil with the magnitude of this induced voltage being proportional to the speed or velocity of the movement.

Then we can see that the faster the movement of the magnetic field the greater will be the induced emf or voltage in the coil, so for Faraday’s law to hold true there must be “relative motion” or movement between the coil and the magnetic field and either the magnetic field, the coil or both can move.

Faraday’s Law of Induction

From the above description we can say that a relationship exists between an electrical voltage and a changing magnetic field to which Michael Faraday’s famous law of electromagnetic induction states: “that a voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a conductor and a magnetic field and that the magnitude of this voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the flux”.

In other words, Electromagnetic Induction is the process of using magnetic fields to produce voltage, and in a closed circuit, a current.

So how much voltage (emf) can be induced into the coil using just magnetism. Well this is determined by the following 3 different factors.

·         1). Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil – By increasing the amount of individual conductors cutting through the magnetic field, the amount of induced emf produced will be the sum of all the individual loops of the coil, so if there are 20 turns in the coil there will be 20 times more induced emf than in one piece of wire.

·         2). Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet – If the same coil of wire passed through the same magnetic field but its speed or velocity is increased, the wire will cut the lines of flux at a faster rate so more induced emf would be produced.

·         3). Increasing the strength of the magnetic field – If the same coil of wire is moved at the same speed through a stronger magnetic field, there will be more emf produced because there are more lines of force to cut.

If we were able to move the magnet in the diagram above in and out of the coil at a constant speed and distance without stopping we would generate a continuously induced voltage that would alternate between one positive polarity and a negative polarity producing an alternating or AC output voltage and this is the basic principal of how a Generator works similar to those used in dynamos and car alternators.

In small generators such as a bicycle dynamo, a small permanent magnet is rotated by the action of the bicycle wheel inside a fixed coil. Alternatively, an electromagnet powered by a fixed DC voltage can be made to rotate inside a fixed coil, such as in large power generators producing in both cases an alternating current.

Simple Generator using Magnetic Induction

The simple dynamo type generator above consists of a permanent magnet which rotates around a central shaft with a coil of wire placed next to this rotating magnetic field. As the magnet spins, the magnetic field around the top and bottom of the coil constantly changes between a north and a south pole. This rotational movement of the magnetic field results in an alternating emf being induced into the coil as defined by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

The magnitude of the electromagnetic induction is directly proportional to the flux density, β the number of loops giving a total length of the conductor, l in meters and the rate or velocity, ν at which the magnetic field changes within the conductor in meters/second or m/s, giving by the motional emf expression:

Faraday’s Motional emf Expression

If the conductor does not move at right angles (90°) to the magnetic field then the angle θ° will be added to the above expression giving a reduced output as the angle increases:

Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Law tells us that inducing a voltage into a conductor can be done by either passing it through a magnetic field, or by moving the magnetic field past the conductor and that if this conductor is part of a closed circuit, an electric current will flow. This voltage is called an induced emf as it has been induced into the conductor by a changing magnetic field due to electromagnetic induction with the negative sign in Faraday’s law telling us the direction of the induced current (or polarity of the induced emf).

But a changing magnetic flux produces a varying current through the coil which itself will produce its own magnetic field as we saw in the Electromagnets tutorial. This self-induced emf opposes the change that is causing it and the faster the rate of change of current the greater is the opposing emf. This self-induced emf will, by Lenz’s law oppose the change in current in the coil and because of its direction this self-induced emf is generally called a back-emf.

Lenz’s Law states that: ” the direction of an induced emf is such that it will always opposes the change that is causing it”. In other words, an induced current will always OPPOSE the motion or change which started the induced current in the first place and this idea is found in the analysis of Inductance.

Likewise, if the magnetic flux is decreased then the induced emf will oppose this decrease by generating and induced magnetic flux that adds to the original flux.

Lenz’s law is one of the basic laws in electromagnetic induction for determining the direction of flow of induced currents and is related to the law of conservation of energy.

According to the law of conservation of energy which states that the total amount of energy in the universe will always remain constant as energy can not be created nor destroyed. Lenz’s law is derived from Michael Faraday’s law of induction.

One final comment about Lenz’s Law regarding electromagnetic induction. We now know that when a relative motion exists between a conductor and a magnetic field, an emf is induced within the conductor.

But the conductor may not actually be part of the coils electrical circuit, but may be the coils iron core or some other metallic part of the system, for example, a transformer. The induced emf within this metallic part of the system causes a circulating current to flow around it and this type of core current is known as an Eddy Current.

Eddy currents generated by electromagnetic induction circulate around the coils core or any connecting metallic components inside the magnetic field because for the magnetic flux they are acting like a single loop of wire. Eddy currents do not contribute anything towards the usefulness of the system but instead they oppose the flow of the induced current by acting like a negative force generating resistive heating and power loss within the core. However, there are electromagnetic induction furnace applications in which only eddy currents are used to heat and melt ferromagnetic metals.

Eddy Currents Circulating in a Transformer

The changing magnetic flux in the iron core of a transformer above will induce an emf, not only in the primary and secondary windings, but also in the iron core. The iron core is a good conductor, so the currents induced in a solid iron core will be large. Furthermore, the eddy currents flow in a direction which, by Lenz’s law, acts to weaken the flux created by the primary coil. Consequently, the current in the primary coil required to produce a given B field is increased, so the hysteresis curves are fatter along the H axis.

Eddy current and hysteresis losses can not be eliminated completely, but they can be greatly reduced. Instead of having a solid iron core as the magnetic core material of the transformer or coil, the magnetic path is “laminated”.

These laminations are very thin strips of insulated (usually with varnish) metal joined together to produce a solid core. The laminations increase the resistance of the iron-core thereby increasing the overall resistance to the flow of the eddy currents, so the induced eddy current power-loss in the core is reduced, and it is for this reason why the magnetic iron circuit of transformers and electrical machines are all laminated.

Physical health

Physical health is defined as is the condition of your body. Good physical health is when your body is functioning as it was designed to function. 

What affects my physical health?
There are four categories of things that affect physical health. You can not always control the things that affect your physical body. But, you can do your best to prevent injury and help you body to function at well.

• Lifestyle. This is the element of physical health that we have the most control over. This includes our diet, our emotional health, our level of physical activity, and our behaviors. Tobacco use is a problem for many people - quitting tobacco is an important behavioral change. Your health plan may offer a cessation program. There are things that we can change about our lifestyles to help our bodies stay healthy. Get more information on healthy living.
• Human Biology. There may be things in our genetics and our chemistry that are perceived as abnormalities. They may make it harder to achieve complete physical health. There are ways that our body compensates for disabilities. Even though we can not control our genetics we can control how we treat our illnesses.
• Environment. Our environment includes the type of air we breathe, the places we live and our surroundings. We may have to change our environments if they are really bad for our physical health.
• Healthcare Services. These are the services that we get to help us prevent illness, detect illness or treat illness.

What can I do?
We need to take care of every aspect of our being in order to achieve good physical health. Positive emotions are linked to better physical health. We must try to keep a balance in our lives. Some things that we can do to take care of our physical bodies include:

• Rest. Our body needs a certain amount of hours of sleep every night in order to function properly. After hard work or especially trying times it is important that we take time to rest and allow our bodies time to recover.
• Eat healthy. Our bodies use food as fuel. We must remember to eat regularly. We have to watch what we eat. Sugars and fatty foods can make it harder for our bodies to function as they were designed to.
• Exercise. Our bodies were designed to be physically active. We have to remember that in order to keep our bodies healthy we must take time each day to exercise.
• Hygiene. It is important that we keep our bodies clean. This can help to protect against illness and infection.
• Get regular check-ups. We need to see our doctors regularly so that they can monitor our physical health and tell us about any changes we may need to make to keep our bodies healthy.
• Call us if you need help finding a doctor.

• Stay emotionally healthy. When we get overly stressed or emotional our bodies get worn out and it is easier for them to catch an illness. Staying emotionally fit keeps our bodies in good operating condition.
• Do not smoke, abuse alcohol, or abuse drugs.

Illness and Injury
No matter how good we take care of ourselves we will still experience illness and injury. During these times we must take the necessary steps to heal. We have to treat our illnesses. The biggest part of healing is natural. With our help our bodies can heal from illness and injury. 

Different Diseases of Eyes:

·         Refractive Errors.

·         Glaucoma.

·         Cataract.

·         Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

·         Amblyopia.

·         Diabetic Retinopathy.

·         Retinal Detachment or Tear.

·         Dry Eye Syndrome.

Different Diseases of Nose:

·         Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves.

·         Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of your nose or sinuses.

·         Nosebleeds.

·         Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. ...

·         Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose.

Different Diseases of Ears:

·         Otitis Media—The medical term for a middle ear infection or inflammation of the middle ear. This primarily affects children due to the shape of the young eustachian tube.

·         Tinnitus—Also called “ringing in the ears” includes noises ranging from loud roaring to clicking, humming or buzzing. Most tinnitus comes from damage to the microscopic endings of the hearing nerve in the inner ear. Hearing nerve impairment and tinnitus can be a natural accompaniment of advancing age. Exposure to loud noise is probably the leading cause of tinnitus damage to hearing in younger people.

·         External Ear Infections—Also called Swimmer’s Ear are infections of the outer ear structures that may occur when water gets trapped in the ear canal. In this warm, moist environment, bacteria multiply causing irritation and infection of the ear canal.

·         Ear Wax (Cerumen)—Cerumen is produced by special glands in the outer part of the ear canal designed to trap dust and dirt particles keeping them from the eardrum. Usually wax accumulates, dries and then falls out of the ear on its own or is wiped away. Other times this may require removal by a physician.

·         Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease (AIED)—is an inflammatory condition of the inner ear that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks cells in the inner ear that are mistaken for a virus or bacteria.

·         Cholesteatoma—is a skin growth that occurs in the middle ear behind the ear drum. This condition usually results from poor eustachian tube function concurrent with middle ear infection (otitis media), but also can be present at birth.

Different Diseases of Skin:

·         eczema.

·         diaper rash.

·         seborrheic dermatitis.

·         chickenpox.

·         measles.

·         warts.

·         acne.

·         fifth disease.

Different Diseases of Mouth:

·         Cold Sores. Also called fever blisters, you don't get cold sores from fevers or colds but they can be triggered by them.

·         Thrush. Caused by candida yeast, thrush is most common in older adults or babies.

·         Black Hairy Tongue.

·         Canker Sores.

·         Leukoplakia.

·         Lichen Planus.

·         Geographic Tongue.

·         Oral Cancer

Care for the Eyes:

·         Eat for Good Vision. Protecting your eyes starts with the food on your plate.

·         Quit Smoking. Smoking makes you more likely to get cataracts, optic nerve damage, and macular degeneration.

·         Wear Sunglasses.

·         Use Safety Eyewear.

·         Look Away From the Computer Screen.

Care for the Nose:

·         Breathe in warm steam two to four times a day to help moisten the nose and prevent dryness. This can be done by taking a hot shower or by filling the bathroom sink with hot water and placing a towel over your head while leaning close to the sink. Continue to run the hot water as needed.

·         Do not use nasal sprays more than recommended on the bottle unless instructed by a doctor. Over-the-counter sprays can help with allergies or colds, but using them too often can irritate the nose and worsen the problem.

·         Place a vaporizer or a humidifier in your room to keep the air moist when you are not breathing in steam to help prevent dryness in the nose.

·         Dip a cotton swab in warm water or a salt water mix of 1/2 tsp. of salt in 12 ounces of water to gently soak and loosen any crust that is stuck to the inside of your nose. Only use the cotton swab at the entrance of the nose, do not stick it deep inside. Repeat once at night and once in the morning.

·         Consult your doctor if you have allergy problems or problems with your sinuses. These symptoms can include sinus pressure in the face, headaches and other signs of an allergy, such as sneezing.

Care for the Ears:

·         Use earplugs around loud noises.

·         Turn the volume down.

·         Give your ears time to recover.

·         Stop using cotton swabs in your ears.

·         Take medications only as directed.

·         Keep your ears dry.

·         Get up and move.

·         Manage stress levels.

Care for the Skin:

·         Prevent sun damage.

·         Wash your face in the morning and in the evening.

·         Exfoliate.

·         Live a healthy lifestyle.

·         Drink plenty of water.

·         Eat plenty of vitamin C enriched foods.

·         Make sure you get a lot of exercise in the week.

·         Get enough sleep.

Care for the Mouth:

·         Gently brush your teeth on all sides with a soft-bristle brush and fluoride toothpaste.

·         Use small circular motions and short back-and-forth strokes.

·         Brush carefully and gently along your gum line.

·         Lightly brush your tongue to help keep your mouth clean.

·         Clean around your teeth with dental floss.

Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan

 Rise of the Propaganda Movement

 After 1872, Philippine conditions went from bad to worse. The deportation of Filipino leaders to Spanish penal colonies, the persecution of the intellectuals, and the abuses of the Spanish masters continued unabated.

Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement

The Propaganda Movement was not a revolutionary or seditious affair. The men who led it were loyal to Spain; they asked merely for reforms, not independence. The reforms which they asked were are follows;

1.      Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.

2.      Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.

3.      Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.

4.      Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars.

5.      Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances.

The Propagandists

The propagandists were the scions of good families, highly intelligent, educated, patriot, and courageous, who symbolized the flower of Filipino manhood. Of these propagandist, journalist, beloved by the masses for his eloquent Tagalog and fearless defense of the poor against friar abuses.

Greatest orator of the Propaganda Movement; Mariano Ponce, medical student and biographical writer; Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, masters of the brush; Dr. Pedro A. Paterno lawyer and man-of-letters; Antonio Luna, pharmacist and essayist; Pedro Serrano Laktaw, teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon (later King Alfonso XIII of Spain); Jose Ma. Panganiban, linguist and essayist; Fernando Canon, engineer and musician; Jose Alejandrino engineer and political writer; Isabelo de los Reyes, folklorist, news-paperman, and scholar; and Dominador Gomez, physician and orator.

Foremost among them was Ferdinand Blumentritt, Austrian professor, scholar, and Dr. Rizal’s best friend. He praised Rizal’s two novels (Noli and Fili) and wrote the “Prologue” to Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Paris, 1890).

In September 1882 he founded a civic association of Spaniards and Filipinos in Madrid called Circulo Hispano-Filipino and published the newspaper Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Unfortunately, both the association and newspaper did not last long.

Other Spanish friends of the Propaganda Movement were Miguel Morayta, statesman, historian, journalist, and Rizal’s professor at the Central University of Madrid; Francisco Pi y Margall, statesman and former President of the First Spanish Republic (1873 – 1875); Emilio Junoy, journalist and member of the Cortes; and Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, parliamentarian and leader of the Spanish Republican  Party.

The Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888

On March 1, 1888, Manila was rocked by a tumultuous event. This was the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipinos  patriots led by the Manila patriotic lawyer Doroteo Cortes, with the secret assistance of M. H. del Pilar and Jose A. Ramos, a London-educated rich merchant and leading Masonic leader.

La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement

Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly newspaper, La Solidadridad, in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. In its issue on this date, Jaena boldly stated in his editorial that the aims of La Solidaridad, were as follows: (1) to portray vividly the deplorable conditions of the Philippines, (2) to work peacefully for political and social reforms, (3) to combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction(4) to advocate liberal ideas and progress, and (5) to champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for democracy and happiness.

Literature of the Propaganda Movement

It gave birth to the first Filipino novel, Ninay, which was written by Dr. Pedro a. Paterno, doctor of laws and man-of-letters, and published at Madrid in 1885. He also wrote a volume of melodious poems Sampaguitas (Madrid, 1880) and a historical book, La Antigua Civilization Tagalog (Madrid, 1887).

Masonry and the Propaganda Movement.

The first Filipino Masonic lodge called Revolution was founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized on April, 1889 by the Grande Oriental Español headed by Don Miguel Morayta. Unfortunately, the first Filipino Masonic lodge did not last long. It died out after Lopez Jaena resigned as Worshipful Master on November 29, 1889.

The following month, M.H. del Pilar, with the help of Julio Llorante, organize Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid. It was recognized in May 1890 by the Grande Oriente Español. Its first Worshipful Master was Llorente.

Towards the end of 1891, M.H. del Pilar, with the consent of the Grande Oriente Español, sent Serrano Laktaw to the Philippines to establish the First Filipino Masonic lodge in Manila. In compliance with this mission, Serrano Laktaw founded in manila on January 6, 1892, Lodge Nidad, the first Filipino Masonic lodge in the Philippines. 

 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina

The Filipino propagandist and their Spanish friends organized the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina (Hispano-Philippine Association) in Madrid in January 12, 1889, for the purpose of securing reforms for the Philippines. The president was Don Miguel Morayta, Spanish professor at the University of Madrid. The vice-president was General Felipe de la Corte, who had resided in the Philippines. Dominador Gomez was the secretary.

Liga Filipina

He called it the Liga Filipina (Philippine League). He wrote its constitution with the help of Jose Ma. Basa, an exile of 1872. After finishing the constitution, he returned to Manila.

The aims of the League were the following

1.      Union of the Archipelago into a compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body

2.      Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity.

3.      Defense against all violence and injustice.

4.      Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce.

5.      Study and application of reforms..

The motto of the Liga Filipna was Unus Instra Omnium (One Like All)

End of the Progpaganda Movement

The Liga Filipina collapsed. The radical Andres Bonifacio and other radical members separated from it, for they were disenchanted by the peaceful campaign. The conservative Liga members, including Domingo Franco, Numeriano Andriano, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Timoteo Paez, and Aplinario Mabini, organized themselves into a new group called Los Compromisarios because each member pledged or promised to contribute money for the financial aid of the Propaganda Movement in Spain.

Katipunan Government

It had two consitutions, the first one promulgated in 1892 and the second (replacing the first one Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian) with a president, a fiscal, was a Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan), and in each town, a Popular Council (Sanguniang Balangay).

The first president of the Katipunan was Deodato Arellano. He was the brother-in-law of Marcelo H. del Pilar and a friend of Bonifacio.

The judicial power of the Katipunan resided in a secret chamber called Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman)

Katipunan Membership

The triangle system proved to be clumsy and complicated, so that it was abolished after December, 1892, and new converts were initiated into the secret society by the use of secret rites borrowed from Masonry.

A member of the first grade called a katipun (associate). At the Katipunan meetings, he wore a black mask with a triangle formed by white ribbons and letters. He carried side arms, revolver or bolo. His password was Anak ng Bayan (Son of the People). A member of the second grade, called kawal (soldier), wore a green mask and a sash of the same color. Suspended from his neck was a green mask and a sash of the same color. Suspended from his neck was a green ribbon with a medal on which was inscribed the Malayan letter K. his password was Gom-Bur-Za, the first syllables of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. The third grade called bayani (patriot) wore at the meeting a red mask and sash, bot bordered with green. His password was Rizal.

The Women in the Katipunan

At first the Katipunan was purely an association for men. Because the women were becoming suspicious of the nocturnal absence of their husbands and the reduction of their earnings, the door of the Katipunan was opened to them, thereby bringing them into the confidence of their menfolk.

Gregorio de Jesus, Bonifacio’s wife, who was called the Lakambini of K.K.K; Beneita Rodriguez, who made the Katipunan flag and was the wife of Katipunero Restituto Javier; Simeona de Remigio, wife of Katipunero Toams Remigio; Josefa and Trinidad Rizal, sisters of Dr. Rizal; Delfina Herbosa and Angelica Lopez, Dr. Rizal’s nieces; and Marta Saldana.

Literature of the Katipunan

The three writers of the Katipunan were Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Dr. Pio Valenzuela. Bonifacio, self-made writer in Tagalog, wrote Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love of Father land), a mediocre poem of patriotic sentiment. This prose writings were Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B. (Duties of the Sons of the People), a Decalogue of the Katipunan, and Ang mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs Should know), a politico-historical essay.

Emilio Jacinto

He became the adviser of Bonifacio and peneed most of the Katipunan documents, hence he became known as the “Brains of the Katipunan”. He wrote the kartilla or the teaching of the Katipunan. Another of his prose work was Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness), a series of articles of human rights, liberty, equality, labor and love of country. before his death in 1897, he wrote a poem in Spanish, A la Patria, which echoed the same sentiments of Rizal’s last farewell.

Dr. Valenzuela helped Bonifacioa and Jacinto in editing the Kalayaan (Liberty). He also wrote katwiran? (Is It Right?), an essay addressed to the motherland. He also collaborated with Bonifacio in the article Sa Mga Kababayan (To My Countrymen).

“Kalayaan”, Organ of the Katipunan

In 1894 the Katipunan bought an old handpress with the money generously donated by two patriotic Filipino from Visayas – Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban-who had worked for some years in Australia and won a lottery prize in the country. The types used in printing were purchased from Isabelo de los Reyes, and many were stolen from the press of the Diario de Manila (Manila Daily) by Filipino employees who were members of the Katipunan.

First Cry of Philippine Independence.

During the Holy Week in 1895, Bonifacio and a party of katipuneros reconnoitered the mountains of Montalban in search of a good hideout where they could hold their secret meetings.

On April 10, 1895, Bonifacio and his companions entered the Cave of Bernardo Carpio (also known locally aa Pamitinan Cave). After the session, Aurelio Tolentino (Pangangeuño writer in Tagalog and Pangangueño literature) picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the cave wall in Spanish: “Viva la Independencia Filipina!” This was the first Cry of Philippine Independence in Philippine history.

Dr. Rizal and the Katipunan

In June, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela acting as Bonifacio’s emissary, sailed for Dapitan to solicit Rizal’s support for the coming revolution.

The Katipunan and Japan

The interpreter was Moritori Tagawa, who married a Filipino woman of Bocaue, Bulacan. He was a friend of Valenzuela

The Katipunan was finally discovered by the Spanish authorities on August 19, 1896. At 6:15 p.m. of that day. Teodoro Patiro, a member of the Katipunan and an employee of the Diario de Manila, upon the advice of the mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage and of his sister, Honoria Patiño, went to the convent of Tondo and revealed the secrets of the Katipunan of Father Mariano Gil, Augustinian parish curate.